STRESS-INDUCED ENDOCRINE DISORDERS AND DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstrak

Chronic stress is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to

endocrine dysfunctions that predispose individuals to diabetes mellitus. The physiological

stress response, mediated primarily through the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis

and the sympathetic–adrenomedullary system, induces hormonal and metabolic changes

that are adaptive in the short term but harmful when prolonged.