The Scientific and Intellectual Environment at the Ghaznavid Court and the Scholarly Roots of Comparative Studies
Kalit so‘zlar:
Ghaznavid dynasty, comparative religion, milal wa-niḥal, Islamic intellectual history, Ghazna, al-Biruni, Gardizi, Bayhaqi, nadim institution, medieval Islam, religious classification, interreligious encounter, South Asia, Islamic theology, KhurasanAbstrak
This study examines the scientific and intellectual environment of the Ghaznavid court and its role in the formation of early comparative religious studies within the medieval Islamic world. The Ghaznavid dynasty (977–1186), while widely recognized for its military and political achievements, also functioned as a significant center of cultural and scholarly production. Cities such as Ghazna, Balkh, and Nishapur emerged as major intellectual hubs, attracting scholars, theologians, historians, and scientists. The institutional structures of the court, particularly the tradition of nadīm assemblies, fostered a dynamic environment for scholarly discourse and interdisciplinary exchange. The study further explores how the Ghaznavids’ political and military engagements, especially with the Indian subcontinent, contributed to expanding Muslim scholars’ knowledge of diverse religious traditions. This interaction facilitated the development of comparative methodologies in the study of religions and sects (milal wa-niḥal). The works of prominent scholars such as Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Gardizi, Bayhaqi, and Abu al-Maʿali Ubaydullah illustrate a transition from polemical and doctrinal approaches toward more descriptive and analytical frameworks.
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