Plagiarism Policy

NINE does not tolerate plagiarism, text recycling or duplicate publication.

• Every submitted manuscript is screened with plagiarism-detection software before peer review.
• Manuscripts with an overall similarity above 20% (excluding the reference list), or with a high match to a single source, are returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
• Reviewers and editors may request an additional check at any stage, including after publication.
• Confirmed plagiarism leads to rejection or, for published articles, to retraction (see Publication Ethics & Malpractice).
• Authors must cite all sources, use quotation marks for quoted text, and obtain permission for reused figures and tables.